"Oral glutamine reduces myocardial damage after coronary revascularization under cardiopulmonary bypass: A randomized clinical trial"
Authors: Narcisse, M., et al. Date/Year: March 2025 Place: Multicenter
This randomized study tested whether L-glutamine could protect the heart in patients having bypass surgery. Patients took oral glutamine for three days before surgery. After surgery, heart injury blood markers were lower in the glutamine group. Researchers concluded glutamine helps the heart handle reduced blood flow and limits damage overall.
PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28421779/
"Supplementation of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine and Fish Oil Improves Body Composition and Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure"
Authors: Sanchez-Guzman, M. A., et al. Date/Year: 2020 Place: Columbia University Medical Center, USA
This double-blind trial studied people with stable chronic heart failure and low ejection fraction. They received daily L-alanyl-L-glutamine. Exercise capacity improved slightly but not significantly. However, patients gained lean body mass and better quality of life. Glutamine supported protein balance, reduced inflammation, and helped prevent muscle wasting linked to mortality.
PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26269566/
"Combining choline bitartrate and vitamin B12 ameliorates cognitive impairment in hypertensive elders with cognitive frailty"
First author: Pasquale Mone Date: Epub Year: 2024 Place: Naples, Italy; New York, USA
Researchers studied older adults with high blood pressure and cognitive frailty during 2023. Ninety-nine finished the trial. Participants took choline bitartrate with vitamin B12, choline alphoscerate, or nothing for three months. The choline bitartrate + B12 group showed a significant improvement in MoCA vs baseline (p < 0.001)
PubMed trial link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38336310/
"Choline and betaine concentrations in plasma predict dietary choline intake: A double-blind randomized control feeding study"
Authors: Trujillo-Gonzalez, I., Paules, E. M., et al. Date/Year: July 2025 Place: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
This controlled crossover feeding study tested different choline intakes up to full recommended levels. L-choline kept betaine levels stable, helping lower homocysteine and protect blood vessel lining from damage linked to atherosclerosis. Higher choline also improved liver fat measures, supporting healthier blood lipids and overall heart health in adults overall.
PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40791698/
"Efficacy and Safety of Eleutherococcus senticosus Extract on Improvement of Memory and Attention: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial"
Authors: Kim, H. J., et al. Date/Year: June 2024 Place: Seoul, South Korea
This 12-week randomized trial studied 120 adults aged 50–75 with subjective memory problems. Participants took Siberian ginseng extract daily. Compared with placebo, they showed better delayed memory and visual attention. Researchers linked benefits to stress-system balance and lower inflammation, including reduced C-reactive protein, associated with slower cognitive decline over time.
PubMed Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7070741/
"The Impact of Eleutherococcus senticosus Root Extract on Cognitive Function and Mental Fatigue in Chronic Stress-Related Asthenia"
Authors: Narcisse, M., et al. Date/Year: February 2025 Place: Multicenter clinical trial
This randomized trial tested a standardized Siberian ginseng root extract in 144 adults with chronic stress and mental fatigue. Participants showed better mental work capacity, faster reaction times during complex tasks, and less mental fog. Benefits were linked to increased brain heat shock proteins, protecting neurons from oxidative stress and damage.
PubMed Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11068985/
"Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract in amyloid PET-positive patients with mild cognitive impairment"
Authors: Yang, H. J., Koo, M. S., & Kwak, K. C. Date/Year: August 2025 Place: Multicenter Study (South Korea)
This clinical trial studied patients with mild cognitive impairment and confirmed amyloid buildup. They received standardized Ginkgo biloba extract alone for twelve months. All treated patients responded, and none progressed to Alzheimer’s dementia, unlike controls. Blood tests showed reduced toxic amyloid beta oligomers, suggesting Ginkgo may limit harmful protein clumping.
PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40895100/
"Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is safe and effective in the treatment of mild dementia - a meta-analysis of patient subgroups in randomised controlled trials"
Authors: Kanowski, S., et al. Date: 2025, Place: Germany
This large analysis of recent randomized trials included 782 people with early mild dementia. Those taking 240 mg daily of EGb 761 performed better than placebo in cognition, overall clinical status, daily activities, and quality of life. Benefits were strongest with early treatment, helping maintain function and slowing decline progression.
PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39895346/
"Supplementation of medium-chain triglycerides combined with docosahexaenoic acid improves cognitive function in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"
Authors: Duan, H., Yang, T., Li, C., et al. Date/Year: March 2025 Place: Multicenter Study, China
This 12-month randomized trial studied 180 older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Participants took a daily algal oil powder with DHA and MCTs. The treatment group showed better overall cognition and executive function. Benefits were linked to higher omega-3 blood levels, reduced brain inflammation, and improved energy use in memory-related regions.
PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40044083/
"Increasing the Omega-3 Index of Adults: A Study Comparing Microencapsulated Algae to Fish Powders Provided as Chewable Tablets"
Authors: Roberts, L., et al. Date/Year: January 2025 Place: University of Newcastle, Australia
This randomized trial compared microencapsulated algal oil powder with traditional fish oil in healthy adults. After 12 weeks, both groups showed similar rises in the omega-3 index. Higher DHA levels from algal oil were linked to faster reaction times and better spatial working memory, proving algal oil works as effectively.
PubMed Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06802068